Figure 4. Sample Benefits and Costs.

Benefits

• Change in property values resulting from changes in shoreline protection
• Changes in beach user willingness to pay
• Changes in amenity value for local residents as a result in changes in beach quality
• Changes in commercial profits related to beach quality
• External (out of project) benefits
• Ecological benefits
• Positive effects on amenitites and local quality of life.

Costs

• Opportunity costs
• Negative externalities
• Environmental costs
• Negative effects on local amenities and quality of life
• Increased infrastructure burden
• Development-induced increase in risk

Source: National Research Council, Committee on Beach Nourishment and Protection, 1995, page 247.